ABA Problem: Lock-Free Stack - Quant Developer Interview Question

Problem Description

Lock-free algorithms are critical in low-latency trading systems to prevent thread blocking and priority inversion, ensuring consistent execution times. The ABA problem arises in these concurrent environments when a memory location is modified and restored to its original value between reads, potentially corrupting data structures like stacks during atomic Compare-And-Swap (CAS) operations. To mitigate this, developers employ tagged or stamped pointers to version memory addresses, ensuring that